uefa category 4 stadiums england uefa category 4 stadiums england

Located in the Dutch capital Amsterdam, it is the home stadium of Eredivisie side Ajax and the Netherlands national team, who have been playing games at the venue since it opened in 1996. Spurs and Arsenal play each other in the London derby, one of the most famous city derbies in the Premier League. Capacity: 55,600 | reduced to 25% capacity, subject to increase Following crowd troubles in the 1980s, and regulations imposed after the Taylor Report, several English football league stadiums have been built or completely redeveloped in the last few years. All stadiums in England with a capacity of 10,000 or more are included. (nd) indicates retractable seating not deployed Internationally understood signage in all public areas of the stadium and around it. . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Address: Futbol'naya Alleya 1, Krestovsky Island, Saint Petersburg, Russia. In early June the club submitted planning permission to Wrexham Borough Council to demolish the existing stand as preparations to construct a new one gather pace. We strive to keep it up-to-date, mostly thanks to your support. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It can hold up to 13,000 for concerts and festivals. Baku's Olympic Stadium will be one of the venues for games in Group A as well as one quarter-final showdown. See example It will also be the scene of three games in Group D, where it shares hosting duties with Scotland's Hampden Park. - Jose has become a laughing stock. The area underneath the stand is to provide exhibition space for events taking place outside match days, filling a current gap in the local market and is expected to boost economic activity and popularity across the city. Games: Group stage, last 16, semi-finals & final (eight games) Overall, Arsenal has won thirteen English league titles, more than their city rivals, Chelsea. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The Wembley stadium is located in Wembley, London, England. Year built: 1999 It consists of a four-tiered bowl with translucent polycarbonate roofing over the stands. And since it was delivered shortly before the 2004 Olympics in Athens, it was compliant with all international regulations. It hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia will host one quarter-final match at Euro 2020 and it will also be the venue for three games in Group B, as well as three games in Group E. One of the newest stadiums of the 12 being used by UEFA, the Krestovsky Stadium was built in anticipation of the 2018 World Cup, where it hosted seven matches, including the third-place play-off. The new stadium has been built to UEFA category 4 standards, meaning it will be able to host international matches and games in the Champions League and Europa League, if required. UEFA president Aleksander Ceferin said: "We have been working diligently with the host associations and local authorities to ensure a safe and festive environment at the games and I am really pleased that we are able to welcome spectators at all matches for a celebration of national team football across the continent.". Games: Group stage & last 16 (four games) 6. From Miami to Manchester! Games: Group stage & quarter-final (seven games) The Hammers have won the FA Cup three times. Games: Group stage & quarter-final (four games) Address: Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. Arsenals model as one of the business-minded sporting brands in the world has seen the Emirates Stadium become a top destination for other activities outside sports. Sufficient number of hotel rooms for UEFA and its partners, no less than 500 beds (5 stars). , 'They're taking the p*ss!' The all-seater Wembley stadium has a seating capacity of 90,000, making it the largest stadium in the United Kingdom and the second-largest stadium in Europe. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The system needs to be independent of main power supply in order to operate in case of emergency. The Selhurst Park stadium has four stands, namely the Holmesdale Road Stand, Arthur Wait Stand, Main Stand and Whitehorse Lane Stand. Prior to 1988, however, the last newly built Football League ground in England & Wales was Roots Hall, Southend, which was opened in 1955.Next was in 1989. Games: Group stage & last 16(four games) West Ham has won two European trophies, the European Cup Winners Cup in 196465 and UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1999. Johan Cruyff Arena (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Krestovsky Stadium (Saint Petersburg, Russia), MLS is back! Arnhem, the Netherlands | After inauguration in 1998 it was the smallest stadium to have both a sliding field and retractable roof. Visit UEFA for more information. Before you do that, feel free to browse through the 16 4-star stadiums. HatTrick ProgrammeHatTrick is funded by revenue from the UEFA European Football Championship, and provides financial support to the UEFA member associations in order to develop and foster football at all levels. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The soccer-specific stadium currently exists as Phase 1. The San Siro has a seating capacity of 80,018, making it one of the biggest stadiums in Europe and the biggest in Italy. This allowed them to bid for a UEFA Cup final (now Europa League). Our database counts: 2127 stadiums, Paul McCartney, The Zutons. Most of the rest were built for athletics, the rugby codes, or (in Ireland) Gaelic games. Categories of requirements for football stadiums set by UEFA, "UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations Edition 2018", Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2010/11, Regulations for the UEFA Europa League 2010/11, Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 201012, "Update 1-Soccer-Platini wants Champions League final at weekend", UEF6A Stadium Infrastructure Regulations - Edition 2010, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFA_stadium_categories&oldid=1139061097, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 100 to 105m long, 64 to 68m wide (109115yd 7074yd), Turnstiles and electronic ticket control system, Yes, with equipped colour monitors connected to CCTV system and displaying live data from ETCS, 4m 2m (13.1ft 6.6ft) for 2 cameras, 6m 2m (19.7ft 6.6ft) for at least 3 cameras, 2 platforms 2m 2m (6.6ft 6.6ft) for 1 camera each on the 16m lines, category 3 + one platform on the opposite stand from main camera platform, large enough for at least 50 media representatives, This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 04:24. The stadium has hosted several football competitions like 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, the UEFA Euro in 1988, the 2010 and 2021 UEFA Europa League Finals. Year built: 1992 Wembley Stadium, London Croke Park, Dublin Santiago Bernabu, Madrid Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow Other UEFA Category 4 Stadiums[ change | change source] Under construction[ change | change source] The following is a list of European stadiums which are currently under construction and will have a capacity of 25,000 or more. It will host three games in Group F and one of the last 16 encounters. Home team: Manchester City Women/YouthCapacity: 4,700 (seated), Matches10 July: Belgium vs Iceland (Group D, 18:00)14 July: Italy vs Iceland (Group D, 18:00)18 July: Italy vs Belgium (Group D, 21:00). It is home to Russian giants Zenit and the Russia national team also play there on occasion. Built on the location of the . It has been the stage for three European Cup finals (1960, 1976 and 2002), two Cup Winners Cup finals (1962 and 1966) and the 2007 UEFA Cup final. One of two cricket grounds that have a tree within the boundary. Everything that UEFA can do to encourage and assist in the development of top-class training facilities will be of great benefit to football, as well as to local communities. The registration period for England's UEFA Euro 2024 Qualifier away to Italy, taking place on Thursday 23 March 2023, closed on Thursday 16 February with a total of 5,048 members registering their interest. Considering the immense size of the structure, which even contains 2,618 toilets, about 23,000 tons of steel were used for its renovation. The venue for many of the biggest fixtures in the game, including at the 1966 FIFA World Cup, EURO '96, and the 2012 Olympics (men's and women's football tournaments), plus the 2003 UEFA Champions League final. Games: Group stage & last 16 (four games) This information is used to provide advice and support to clubs, National Associations and LOCs when it comes to devising specific maintenance and renovation plans to ensure playing conditions are optimal from a player safety, playability and an aesthetic perspective. UEFA stadium categories are categories for football stadiums laid out in the UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations. Home team: Sheffield UnitedCapacity: 30,000, Matches9 July: Netherlands vs Sweden (Group C, 21:00) 13 July: Sweden vs Switzerland (Group C, 18:00) 17 July: Switzerland vs Netherlands (Group C, 18:00) 26 July: Semi-final (21:00). Unlike previous editions where one, maybe two, countries shouldered the burden, a total of 11cities in countries all across the continent will share the hosting duties. MLT Malta Plays host the Northern Rail Rugby league Cup Final. Johan Cruyff Arena (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Krestovsky Stadium (Saint Petersburg, Russia), How Man Utd can end their Anfield hoodoo , Where next for Neymar? A UEFA category 4 stadium, the venue was built for the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and has since hosted a number of high profile games, including the 2003 UEFA Cup final between Celtic and Porto. Advertisement Get stadium news of the week directly to your inbox. For this reason we decided to remind you the last such list published at all. In addition, the stadium facilities are verified, and the stadium management must give details of emergency contingency requirements. The new city of Milton Keynes is one of the fastest growing places in the UK. The "Category" column indicates whether the stadium has been designated by UEFA as capable of hosting Champions League or Europa League matches. The Wembley, one of the few UEFA Category 4 stadiums in Europe, has retractable roofs over two ends of the stadium and a signature 134-metre arch which supports over 75% of the roof load. 2022-23 UEFA Champions League; 2022-23 UEFA Europa League; 2022-23 UEFA Europa Conference League; 2022-23 UEFA Women's Champions League It is classified as a UEFA category 4 stadium. No use for commercial purposes may be made of such trademarks. Refitted for football and athletics. The system needs to be able to provide clear photos of monitored areas at any time. A stadium must be category four to host games . The Volksparkstadion is a UEFA Category 4 stadium. UEFA stadium categories are categories for football stadiums laid out in the UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations. Eindhoven, the Netherlands | After the addition of corner stands and improvement of facilities at the stadium in 1995-2002, the Eindhoven stadium received 4 stars from UEFA. Pitch Education ProgrammeUEFA believes that education and the sharing of best practice between industry stakeholders is of crucial importance when attempting to improve the standard of pitch conditions across Europe. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy will be the venue for one quarter-final game at Euro 2020 as well as three matches in Group A (sharing duties with Baku's Olympic Stadium). Capacity: 54,990 | reduced to 25% capacity, subject to increase Unlike previous editions where one, maybe two, countries shouldered the burden, a total of 11cities in countries all across the continent will share the hosting duties. 990 stadium designs, architects, engineers) to avoid developing projects out of scope and/or with the risk of not meeting UEFA's requirements and expectations. This is a list of sports stadiums in England, ranked in descending order of capacity. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Talks about trending articles and adds interesting analysis without bias, focusing on originality. Hosted the, The stadium was completed and opened on 3 April 2019. The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia will host one quarter-final match at Euro 2020 and it will also be the venue for three games in Group B, as well as three games in Group E. One of the newest stadiums of the 12 being used by UEFA, the Krestovsky Stadium was built in anticipation of the 2018 World Cup, where it hosted seven matches, including the third-place play-off. Games: Group stage & last 16 (four games) With 90,000 in capacity, Wembley Stadium is the second largest stadium in Europe and largest in the United Kingdom. Mandating the world's leading industry experts in the field of groundsmanship and agronomy, UEFA seeks to maintain awareness of pitch conditions in the build-up to matches by observing domestic fixtures and gathering pitch data in a number of ways including questionnaires, risk assessments and through pitch testing and assessment. DocumentsUEFA Best Practice Guide to Training Centre Construction and Management. Address: Per Henrik Lings Alle 2, DK-2100 Osterbro, Copenhagen, Denmark. Arsenal is the most successful London-based club on the domestic scenethe Gunners were among the most dominant forces in the English First Division, winning ten titles. Address: Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. Address: Werner-Heisenberg-Allee 25, 80939 Munich, Germany. Games: Group stage & last 16 (four games) A UEFA category 4 stadium, the venue was built for the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and has since hosted a number of high profile games, including the 2003 UEFA Cup final between Celtic and Porto. Home team: Rotherham UnitedCapacity: 12,000, Matches10 July: France vs Italy (Group D, 21:00)14 July: France v Belgium (Group D, 21:00)18 July: Iceland vs France (Group D, 21:00)23 July: Quarter-final (21:00). The Stanford Bridge is currently the ninth-largest football stadium in the English Premier League. Year built: 2015 To this end, UEFA has produced a number of materials, including the Pitch Quality Guidelines to provide its members with advice when it comes to pitch construction, renovation and maintenance. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Address: London, Wembley HA9 0WS, United Kingdom. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Hosted several Euro 1996 games and games for the football tournament at the, Was originally the home ground of Holbeck Rugby league Club and also hosts Rugby league Internationals as well as, 33,000 (40,000 seat expansion going to build), 31,367 (40,000 expansion renovation structurally possible). Along with Parken Stadium, Hampden Park and the Johan Cruyff Arena, Stadio Olimpico represents one of four 20th century stadiums being used. Each team changing room should have the surface of no less than 100 m. Direct, protected and secure access routes for players and referees from the parking lot to the changing rooms and from these facilities onto the field. [5] The hosts for the finals between 2008 and 2013 (Luzhniki Stadium, Stadio Olimpico, Santiago Bernabu, Wembley Stadium and Allianz Arena) all had capacities of at least 70,000, but the 2014 and 2020 host (Estdio da Luz) held 65,000 spectators, the 2019 host (Metropolitano Stadium) held 67,000 spectators, the 2021 host (Estdio do Drago) held just 50,033, with the 2022 host (Stade de France) holding 75,000 spectactors. As many as 36 venues are on the list of nominated arenas this year. A top-quality training facility is critical to the realisation of these goals on the field whether the aim is to provide top-class facilities for elite professionals to train, or to develop the next generation of young players. It was updated for the last time in 2007 as far as we know, then becoming invalid as UEFAs infrastructural criteria were changed. Subcategories 5. Stadiums in London are some of the most beautiful in the United Kingdom, from the Wembley, the London Stadium, and the iconic tech-fitted New Tottenham Hotspur stadium. Bird's Nest Stadium, China. This page was last changed on 29 October 2022, at 15:43. It is one of few sporting facilities in the United Kingdom with a solid history. Batumi stadium becomes the 3rd largest in Georgia, just over a third the size of Dinamo Arena. The Johan Cruyff Arena will play host to three matches in Group C as well as one of the tournament's last 16 games. Wigan is a vibrant and diverse borough, a place where people want to work, invest, live and visit. The Tottenham Hotspur stadium replacing the White Hart Lane, is the third-largest stadium in the city of London, the second-largest football stadium in the Premier League, with a seating capacity of 62,850. Additional capacity of lower grade hotels is also required. 350 Ev(lux) vertical illuminance uniformity ratios U1h >0.35 and U2h >0.45, 750 Ev(lux) vertical illuminance uniformity ratios U1h >0.4 and U2h >0.45, 1000 Ev(lux) vertical illuminance uniformity ratios U1h >0.4 and U2h >0.5. The redeveloped sectors will gain modern facilities and meet UEFA category 4 requirements. Year built: 1992 Ahead of the tournament, Goal brings you everything you need to know about all 11venues, including where they are, capacities, which games they'll host and more. Follow us on: YouTube, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. A UEFA category 4 stadium, the venue was built for the 1999 World Championships in Athletics and has since hosted a number of high profile games, including the 2003 UEFA Cup final between Celtic and Porto. On the European continent, Chelsea won their first European trophy, the Champions League 2012. The stadium is equipped with a retractable roof and previously hosted five matches at Euro 2000, as well as being the stage for the 1998 Champions League final. A vibrant mix of proud industrial heritage, leafy green spaces and thriving towns, Trafford is a familiar destination for sports fans, regularly welcoming visitors from far and wide to its major sporting grounds. The external facades have been designed with reference to the miningindustry, which is intrinsically linked to the club's identity. Toilets without toilet seats will not be accepted. If a retractable roof is present, its use will be directed by consultation between the UEFA delegate and the main assigned referee. Home team: Manchester UnitedCapacity: 74,000, Match6 July: England vs Austria (Group A, 21:00). The Selhurst Park stadium was opened in 1924. Wembley will host a total of eightmatches at Euro 2020 including a last-16 game, the semi-finals and the final. Construction for Bristol City's 40m redevelopment of Ashton Gate was completed in September 2016. Upgraded stadium passed the tests of both FIFA and UEFA, even if it never received an international cup final. Stadium of Light 48,707 Sunderland, England | It was the largest new stadium to be opened in England in the 1990s. Capacity: 54,990 | reduced to 25% capacity, subject to increase Bayern Munich's Allianz Arena is Germany's representative at Euro 2020 and will play host to three games in Group F alongside Budapest's Puskas Arena. The arch is the longest unsupported roof structure in the world. The newest stadium from all of the host countries, the new Puskas Arena is arguably the most exciting ground to host matches of Euro 2020. https://t.co/IpDwvcsFQW Games: Group stage & quarter-final (four games) Other best practice documents will be published in 2019 including the UEFA best practice guide to training centre construction and management. The new stadium has been built to UEFA category 4 standards, meaning it will be able to host international matches and games in the Champions League and Europa League, if required. Using these regulations, stadiums are rated as category one, two, three, or four (renamed from elite) in ascending ranking order. Year built: 2019 [quote: stadiumit, i cili sht nj stadium me katr yje,]", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_stadiums_by_capacity&oldid=8519136, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. : Stadium capacity is 75,000 for domestic fixtures where retractable seating not deployed, and 70,000 for international fixtures where retractable seating is deployed to meet UEFA or FIFA requirements. It was also used for football games at the 2012 Olympics. Capacity: 67,889 | 100% capacity The official licensed stores are operated by 3rd party commercial partners appointed under license by UEFA. Home team: Brentford and London Irish (Rugby union)Capacity: 17,000, Matches8 July: Germany vs Denmark (Group B, 21:00)12 July: Germany vs Spain (Group B, 21:00)16 July: Denmark vs Spain (Group B, 21:00)21 July: Quarter-final (21:00). Only stadiums within the territory of England are included; thus the home stadiums of the six Welsh football clubs playing in the English football league system are not listed here. As a global city, London remains one of the most diverse, exciting and dynamic places to visit. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 2021 Topps Stadium Club Chrome UEFA Champions League #34 Pedro Goncalves RC at the best online prices at eBay! By design, it has a 134-metre-high (440 ft) Wembley Arch that is part of the stadiums retractable roof, often seen as one of the architectural attractions of London. Wembley does have retractable (two partially) roofs covering the playing surface. Budapest, Hungary. Established in 1845, it has a capacity of 27,500 seats. Yet the club holds a significant position in English football. The sound should be clear and understandable, possible to hear regardless of noise level within the crowd. The 'Stadium for the North' campaign, supported by North Wales Live, was set up to support Wrexham Borough Council's efforts to secure Levelling Up funding from the UK Government. The UEFA word, the UEFA logo and all marks related to UEFA competitions, are protected by trademarks and/or copyright of UEFA. 248 stadiums under construction, Gothenburg, Sweden | Built back in 1958, the stadium player host to Euro 1992 and that ensured its high quality. Games: Group stage & quarter-final (seven games) Beijing, China's Bird's Nest Stadium opened in 2003, just in time for the 2008 Summer Olympics. This makes it the seventh largest football stadium in England. With capacity of 30,000 it met UEFA criteria, but apart from Euro 2000 international football has largely passed Gelredome. It is a UEFA Category 4 stadium. It has a seating capacity of 57,000 for domestic league matches and 51,500 for international competitions. A town like no other, steeped in history, industry, and innovation. Capacity: 67,889 | 100% capacity 2001-now StadiumDB.com. These seats have to be covered and have access to well-equipped toilet facilities. Situated in southern Spain, it is occasionally home to the Spain national team anditwill host three games in Group E as well asa last 16 match. Liverpool, England | Tragic experience of the 1980s resulted in gradual but thorough revamp of Anfield throughout the 1990s. The new stand is designed to meet UEFA Category 4 criteria, while at the same time, in response to suggestions from supporters, it will feature seating with railings directly in front, allowing fans to watch matches standing up. Floodlights of no less than 1,400 lux for the main camera position and no less than 1,000 lux for other parts of the stadium. For the best possible experience, we recommend using. The clubs most successful period was the 1960s and the 1980s. Wembley Stadium is one of UEFA category 4 stadiums. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The field should have the size of 105x68m. Survey reveals fans' top 10 ways to improve matchdays, Barcelona expect to lose 100m in temporary stadium move, Villarreal move back to revamped El Madrigal. Seating for people with disabilities will be available throughout the stand, which is expected toimprove accessibility and provide unrivalled views for fans with limited mobility. Year built: 2011 These categories replaced the previous method of ranking stadiums on one to five star scale in 2006. The Lords Cricket Ground, sometimes called the Home of Cricket, is one of the oldest stadiums in London. No use for commercial purposes may be made of such trademarks. To help you get to grips with the various venues involved in Euro 2020, Goal brings you everything you need to know. Lyon, France | Ahead of the upcoming 1998 World Cup, in Lyon the old curved stands were demolished and new ones built in their place. If the campaign is successful, exciting new plans for 'The Kop' at theRacecourse Groundstadium will be realised very soon. Sunderland, England | It was the largest new stadium to be opened in England in the 1990s. Use of UEFA.com signifies your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. The new stand is expected to accommodate a total of 5,500 people, as well as a visitor lounge, office and retail space for the club, and facilities for the Wrexham AFC Community Trust. Although the Twickenham was designed for rugby union matches, it can also play host to American Football games. It was established in 1814. This category deals with the stadia of England. Capacity: 70,000 | At least 14,500 capacity for Euro 2020 Social ResponsibilityUEFA works with associated partner CAFE (Centre for Access to Football in Europe) to ensure that many more disabled supporters can attend live matches. 144 tournament stadiums The borough is home to two of the UKs most recognised sports venues in Old Trafford: Manchester United's Theatre of Dreams and Lancashire County Cricket Club's historic ground. Named after Hungarian football legend Ferenc Puskas, it is situated on the site of the former Ferenc Puskas Stadium, which was demolished in 2016. The inspection is used to assess the stadium physical conditions, health and safety set-up and security facilities and measures that are normally put in place to ensure that a match takes place smoothly. Category 4 is the highest of the category. It paid off, in 2006 Philips Stadion hosted one of the last UEFA Cup finals. The Emirates Stadium, often referred to as the Ashburton Grove, is a UEFA Category 4 stadium and frequently hosts UEFA football matches involving Arsenal FC. Also, backup system of floodlights (or power source) possible to launch at every time and providing the same parameters. e Bridge is an all-seater Stadium with four stands, officially known as the Matthew Harding Stand (North), East stand, The Shed End (South) and West Stand. Chelseas emergence on the European continent and the competition in the domestic scene makes them the Pride of London. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Video tutorials have been created focusing on the role of the groundsman, giving specific advice regarding matchday preparations and specific maintenance practices such as pitch cutting and aeration. The new stand is designed to meet UEFA Category 4 criteria, while at the same time, in response to suggestions from supporters, it will feature seating with railings directly in front, allowing fans to watch matches standing up. Without the naming rights, the stadium is known as Ashburton Grove, 40,170 (will be replaced with 52,888-seat stadium). Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford, London. Paris, France | Built in 1970s, the largest stadium in administrative boundaries of Paris was modernized in 1990s, in order to host the 1998 World Cup. Tottenham Hotspur FC is one of the household names in English football. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Southampton is not just a cruise stop-over destination but is a port city rich in history, culture and activities, with excellent transport links and connections to the rest of the country. With UEFAs 4-star certification the largest Swedish stadium at the time also hosted the 2004 UEFA Cup final. It has been the venue for the final of the European Cup/Champions League on four occasions (1977, 1984, 1996 and 2009) as well as hosting the 1980 European Championship final and the 1990 World Cup final. with Seville replacing Bilbao as a host city and Dublin's games split between Saint-Petersburg and London.